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Nuclear Chemistry
TEKS: 2A, 2B, 2C=
, 2D,
2E, 3C, 3D, 3E, 6A, 6B, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 11B, 11C.=
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•Discuss the processes of radioactivity and radioac=
tive decay.
•Characterize alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in t=
erms
of composition and
penetrating power.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:69%'>•Use half-life information to determine the amount =
of a radioisotope remaining at a given time.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:69%'>•Compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, and co=
mment on their potential as sources of energy.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:69%'>•Describe methods used in nuclear power plants to <=
/span>produce and control fission reactions.
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:69%'>•Explain the issues involved in storage, containmen=
t, and
disposal of nuclear waste.=
3;
•Describe three methods of detecting radiation.
=
;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:69%'>•List some applications of radioisotopes in researc=
h and medicine.
•Radioactivity – the process by which unstable
atomic nuclei achieve
stability.
=
•Radioisotopes – an isotope that has an unsta=
ble nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay.
![](3D"slide0060_image005.gif")
• Alpha Beta =
Gamma radiation radiation radiation
•Symbol<=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:10.67%'> α, 24<=
/span>He β, -10<=
/span>e γ
•Charge<=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:10.87%'> 2+ 1- 0
Mass =
4 1/1827 0 =
;
•Common<=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:7.21%'> Radium-226 Carbon-14 Cobalt-62
Source
Penetrating Low Moderate Very High &nb=
sp;
Power 0.05 mm 4 mm skin skin
Shielding Paper, Metal Lead, =
;
Clothing foil Concrete
![](3D"slide0061_image006.gif")
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Disco=
very
of Radioactivity
•Becquerel made an accidental discovery. He realized that uranium salts not exposed to the sun=
caused the same result in the film. Marie and Pierre Curie were able to show that the fogging of the pl=
ates was caused by rays emitted by the uranium atoms in=
the ore.
![](3D"slide0062_image019.gif")
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Alpha 4He α
=
=
; =
2&=
#13;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Positron 0e =
; =
;+1=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Proton 1H =
;
=
=
; =
1&=
#13;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Neutron 1n 0&=
#13;
•
Radiation Particles
Types=
of
Radiation
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Alpha Radi=
ation
– a helium nuclei that had been emitted from a radioactive source
=
;
23=
8U → 23=
4 Th
+ 4<=
/span>He <=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:2;width:15.12%'> 92=
=
; &n=
bsp;
90 =
; &n=
bsp;
2
Uranium-238 Thorium-234 Alp=
ha Particle
•
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•Beta Radia=
tion
– fast moving electron
14=
C &nbs=
p;
→ 14=
N + 0<=
/span>e 6<=
/span> =
;
7 =
;
-1
carbon-14 &n=
bsp;
nitrogen-14
Beta particle
Types=
of
Radiation
•Gamma Radiation –high energy electromagnetic=
radiation given off by a radioisotope.
=
23=
0Th &nb=
sp;
→ 22=
6Ra + 4<=
/span>He &nb=
sp;
+ &nb=
sp;
γ 90=
=
;
88 =
;
2
Particle
Particle
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>•Gamma rays have no mass and no electrical charge.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> X-rays and x-radiation behave essentially the same=
as gamma rays, but their origin is different.
=
Look at this equation. Tell me what you see.
=
•
1<=
/span>n → 1<=
/span>H 0<=
/span>e 0<=
/span> =
;
1 <=
/span> -1=
neutron
proton
electron
Posit=
ron
Particle
•Positron is a particle with the mass of an electro=
n but a positive charge.
• 15O → 15=
N +
0e
8<=
/span> =
; &n=
bsp;
7 =
;
+1
Oxygen-15
Nitrogen-15
Positron Particle
Half-=
Life
•A half-life (t 1/2) is the time required for one-half of the =
nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to
products.
• Isotope Half-Life Radiation
Emitted
• Carbon-14 5.73 x 103 years β=
• Potassium-40 1.25 x 109<=
/span> year=
s β, γ
• Radon-222 3.8 days α
• Radium-226 1.6 x 103 years α=
, &=
#947;
• Thorium-230 7.54 x 104 years α=
, &=
#947;
• Thorium-234 24.1 days β, γ
• Uranium-235 7.0 x 108 years α=
, &=
#947;
• Uranium-238 4.46 x 109 years α=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•
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=
;
Every
radioisotope decays at a characteristic rate.
•#4 M=
anganese
– 56 is a beta emitter=
with
a half-life of 2.6
hours. What is the mass of M=
n-56
in a 1.0 mg sampl=
e of
an isotope at the end of 10.4 hours?
•#4 M=
anganese
– 56 is a beta emitter=
with
a half-life of 2.6
hours. What is the mass of M=
n-56
in a 1.0 mg sampl=
e of
an isotope at the end of 10.4 hours?
10.4 hr =
=3D 4 half life
2.6 hr=
3;
•1.0 mg<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> → 0.50 mg → 0.25
mg → 0.125
mg → 0.0625 mg
1
2
3
4
![](3D"slide0083_image027.gif")
Trans=
mutation
Reactions
•The conversion of an atom of one element to an ato=
m =
of another element is called transmutation.
• 14N + 4He → =
;
18F (unstable)
• 7 2<=
/span> 9&=
#13;
• Nitrogen-14 Alpha Particle<=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:4.31%'> Fluorine-18
• 18=
F → 17=
O + 1H 9<=
/span> 8<=
/span> 1&=
#13;
Fluorine-18 Oxygen-17
Proton
Trans=
mutation
Elements
•The elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, called the transuranium <=
/span>elements, all undergo transmutation. None of them occurs in nature, and all of them are radioactive.=
These elements have been synthesized in nuclear reactors and nuclear accelerators.
•#8 C=
omplete
and balance the equations for the following
nuclear reactions.
• a. 27Al + 4He → 30=
Si
+
____
• 13=
=
;
2 =
;
14
• b. 214Bi<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> → 4He
+
____
• 83 2&=
#13;
• c. 27Si → &nbs=
p;
0e + ____
• 14 -1=
• d. 66Cu → 66Zn
+ ____=
3;
• 29 30=
•#8 C=
omplete
and balance the equations for the following
nuclear reactions.
a. 27Al
+ 4<=
/span>He → 30=
Si
+ 1<=
/span>H
b. 214Bi → 4<=
/span>He
+ <=
/span>21=
0Ti
83=
2<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> =
; &n=
bsp;
81
c. 27Si → 0e + 27P=
3;
14=
-1=
=
;
15
d. 66Cu → 66=
Zn
+ 0<=
/span> e=
3;
29=
30=
=
;
–1<=
/span>
•#10 The mass of Co-60 in a sample is found to have=
decreased from 0.800 g to 0.200 g in a period of 10.5 years.
Calculate the half-life of Co-60.
•#10 The mass of Co-60 in a sample is found to have =
decreased from 0.800 g to 0.200 g in a period of 10.5 years.
Calculate the half-life of Co-60.
0.800 g → 0.400
g → 0.200g
2 half-life =
3;
=
;
10.5 =3D 5.25 years
2
1
2
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Nucle=
ar
fission
•Nuclear Fission- the splitting=
of a
nucleus into smaller fragments.
• <=
span
style=3D'font-family:Tahoma;font-size:50%;text-shadow:auto;color:#4D4D4D;
mso-color-index:7;position:relative;top:-.45em;mso-text-raise:30%'>1n 91Kr
• 0 36&#=
13;
235<=
/b>U 236<=
/b>U
92 92
=
142<=
/b>Ba
56
![](3D"slide0073_image033.gif")
![](3D"slide0073_image034.gif")
![](3D"slide0073_image035.gif")
Nucle=
ar
Reactor
•Nuclear Moderation – is a process that slows=
the spread of neutrons so they can be captured by the =
reactor fuel – usually U-235 or Pu-239.
=
![](3D"slide0074_image037.gif")
Nucle=
ar
Waste
•Fuel rods from a nuclear power plants are long narrow rods -3m by 0.5 cm. Three hundred rods =
=
form one assembly and 100 assemblies are arranged =
to form a reactor core. Spent fuel rods are classified as =
high level
nuclear waste. All=
nuclear
power plants have holding t=
anks,
or swimming pools, for spent fuel rods.&n=
bsp;
Water cools the ro=
ds,
which continue to produce hear for
years after their removal from the core.&=
nbsp;
Water acts as a
radiation shield to reduce the radiation level <=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>from the spent fuel rods. They may spend a decade =
or more in the holding pool. The number of years a <=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>nuclear power plant can operate is limited.=
![](3D"slide0075_image038.gif")
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![](3D"slide0076_image052.gif")
Containment shell
![](3D"slide0076_image053.gif")
Hot Coolant
![](3D"slide0076_image054.gif")
Control rods
Fuel rods
Carbon
moderator
=
;
Reactor
Cool coolant
![](3D"slide0076_image055.gif")
![](3D"slide0076_image056.gif")
Steam Generator=
![](3D"slide0076_image057.gif")
Steam
![](3D"slide0076_image058.gif")
Electrical ou=
tput
Condenser (steam fr=
om
turbines is condensed)
27°C
![](3D"slide0076_image059.gif")
38°C
![](3D"slide0076_image060.gif")
![](3D"slide0076_image061.gif")
![](3D"slide0076_image062.gif")
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![](3D"slide0076_image077.gif")
=
;
Pumps
![](3D"slide0076_image078.gif")
![](3D"slide0076_image079.gif")
Nuclear Reactor<=
/span>
Nucle=
ar
Fusion
•Nuclear Fusion occurs when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass.
4 1<=
/span>H
+ 2 0<=
/span>e &nbs=
p;
→ 4He
+ Energy
1 =
;
-1 =
;
2
2<=
/span>H
+ 3<=
/span>H → 4<=
/span>He
+ 1<=
/span>n
+ energy
1<=
/span> =
;
1 =
;
2 =
;
0
![](3D"slide0077_image080.gif")
•At very high temperature, matter exists as plasma.=
Magnetic fields are used to contain the plasma in =
a Tokamak.
![](3D"slide0078_image081.gif")
Detec=
ting
Radiation
•Ionizing Radiation is radiation with enough energy=
to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ions.
Geiger
Counter uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect
radiation.
Scintillation
Counter – similar to a TV screen&nb=
sp;
example – film badge
![](3D"slide0081_image082.gif")
+
+
+
+
e-
e-
e-
Counter or Audio Device
![](3D"slide0081_image083.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image084.gif")
Central wire electrode (positively
charged)
Atom or molecules of <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:51.28%;left:14.7%;width:71.17%;height:41.02=
%'>fill
gas
Ionizing radiation path
![](3D"slide0081_image085.gif")
Window
![](3D"slide0081_image086.gif")
Metal tube (negatively
charged)
![](3D"slide0081_image087.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image088.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image089.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image090.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image091.gif")
![](3D"slide0081_image092.gif")
DC power source
![](3D"slide0081_image093.gif")
Geiger Counter=
![](3D"slide0081_image094.gif")
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