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Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Electrons 1 Template
Neutralization
TEKS: 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 3B, 3D, 12A, 12C, 13A, 14C, 14D
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= lExplain how acid-base titration is used to calcula= te = the concentration of an acid or a base.
l= Explain the concept of equivalence in neutralizati= on reactions.
lDemonstrate with equation how buffers resist changes in pH.
lCalculate the solubility product constant of sligh= tly soluble salt.
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Acid-Base Reaction
lNeutralization R= 11; acid reacts with a base in an aqueous solution to produce salt and water
<= span style=3D'font-size:71%'>u In the reactio= n of an acid with a base, hydrogen  ions and hydroxide ions react to produce salt and water.
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<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>l#1  How many moles of potassium hydro= xide are needed to completely neutral= ize 1.56 mol of phosphoric acid?
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<= /v:shape>
l#1  H= ow many moles of potassium hydroxide are needed to completely neutral= ize 1.56 mol of phosphoric acid?
l      ? mol       1.56 mol
l 3 KOH    +    H3<= /span>PO4    →      K3PO4<= /span>   = ;  +     3= H2<= /span>O
l
l  1.56 mol H3<= /span>PO4     x   3 mol KOH    =3D  4.68 mol KOH
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;  1 mol H3PO4<= /span>
l
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Acid-Base Reactions
lStandard Solution – solution of known concentration
lTitration – the process of adding a know amo= unt of solution of known concentrati= on to determine the conce= ntration of another solution.
= lEnd Point – the point in a titration at whic= h neutralization is achieved.  The end point in a titration is the point at which the indicator changes color.=
l= Indicator – is chosen so the solution reache= s the end point very near t= he point of neutralization.
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l#3  H= ow many milliliters of 0.45 M hydrochloric acid must be added to 25.0 mL of 1.00 M potassium hydroxide to make a neutral solution?
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l= #3  H= ow many milliliters of 0.45 M hydrochloric acid must be added to 25.0 mL of 1.00 M potassium hydroxide to make a neutral solution?
l        1.00 M  =3D  1.00 mol/ 1L
l        0.45 M       1.00 M
l       HCl=          +   KOH      →     KCl      +     H2O =
l       ? m= L        = ;    25.0 mL
l
l0.025 L KOH  x 1.00 mol KOH  x  1 mol HCl   x 1.0= 0 L HCl  x 1000mL HCl =3D
l        = ;            &n= bsp;      1.00 L KOH    =      1 mol KOH    0.45 mol HCL   1 L HCl
l
l   =3D  55.6 mL HCl  =3D  56 mL HCl
l
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l#4  W= hat is the molarity of phosphoric acid if 15.0 mL of the solution is completely neutralized by 38.5 mL of 0.150 M NaOH?
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l#4  W= hat is the molarity of phosphoric acid if 15.0 mL of the solution is completely neutralized by 38.5 mL of 0.150 M NaOH?
l         ? M     0.15 M
l     H3<= /span>PO4    +    3NaOH   →   Na3<= /span>PO4  +  3H2O
l        15.0 mL    3= 8.5 mL
l
l0.0385 L NaOH  x  0.15 M NaOH  x  1 mol NaOH =3D    0.001925 mol H= 3<= /span>PO4 
l        = ;            &n= bsp;          1.0 L NaOH        = ;  3 mol NaOH
l
lM  =3D mol/L   ;  M  =3D  0.001925 mol H3<= /span>PO4
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            0.0150 L H3PO4<= /span>
lM   =3D  0.1283 M H3<= /span>PO4 =3D  0.13 M H3PO4<= /span> =3D = 0.13 mol/L H3PO4
l
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l#3 Short cut  M1V1<= /span>  =3D=   M2V2
l good for dilutions (same formula), and titrations of acids and bases when numbe= r of H =3D OH  before balancing the = original individual formulas
l 0.45 M HCl  =3D  M1 1.00 M KOH  =3D  M2<= /span>
l ? mL HCl  =3D V1 25.0 mL KOH  =3D V2&= #13;
l =
l M1<= /span>V1  =3D  M2V2&= #13;
l =
l  V1  =3D=   M2V2  =3D  1.00 M  x 25.0 mL  =3D  55.5 ml  =3D  56 mL HCl
l        = ;           M1        = ;            &n= bsp;  0.45 M
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lShort Cut
l# 4  = ?  M H3PO4  =3D  M1 0.150 M NaOH  =3D  M2
l 15.0 mL H3PO4<= /span> =3D = V1<= /span> 38.5 mL NaOH  =3D  V2
l =
l M1V1<= /span>  =3D=   M2 V2<= span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:5.21%'>    answer     x     to coefficient
l           = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp; from coefficient
l M1<= /span>V1  =3D  M2 V2    =3D  0.15M  x 38.5 mL  =3D  0.385 M H3PO4<= /span>
l        = ;         V1        = ;            &n= bsp;        15.0 mL
l
lH3<= /span>PO4    +    3NaOH   →   Na3<= /span>PO4  +  3H2O
l
lAnd   x   to coefficient        =3D  0.385 M   x  1  =3D   0.13 M H3<= /span>PO4
l        = ;      from coefficient        = ;            &n= bsp;       3
l
correction<= /div>
------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image019.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhegACAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQB5 AAEAgAAAAP///wIKjI+py+0Po5yhAAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image020.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhJQEDAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAAAh AQIAgAAAAP///wIijI+py+0Po5wJ2Iuz3rz7D4bi2FHmiabqyiLkC8fyDLdPAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image021.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhdgADAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQB0 AAEAgAAAAP8A/wIJjI+py+0Po3wFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image022.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhAwAVAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAgAB ABIAgAAAAP8A/wIEjI95BQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image023.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhkgCSAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAACP AI8AgQAAAP8A/////wECAwL/hI+py+0PoZi02ouzzrH7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+ DwwKh8Si8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vn8V EBjwZyJoeEjogbhgmOjQGCHoqCAJEjh5UBmiSXhZwtnnWTj4B0oiyod6oorHOhpKChjbOgu454qC K6f7mlcLcfiLwPtGzAjZILyr/IjMwAxnfGw67Av9CEBtcO0m/UDN3eb9zRourqI5vqZOTsqe9k6e bc4W355Kr2h/tv88qL1M1rZ+YwBaqgUuXxN1Bju4MkXQCLuG9/wNo/jEWSR78A0rabTyEdhEb8Ew MgkmwqTJTCFBKkywCGZLkRGL1CwZ89TLJTVlspgppaeMnC5PuhPaAykMUSuRKH2hqqnNnTnKPbVx tQWurDO4CvRHNWnYG7yk/vCKwywPtGnZpnDbdmwNuHGV0K3rVK7dux/4VvW7kYzaGIB1DIaqN2Pi t4udHP7Kr/DFdZLn1ZNcGchjncX8Zg6yeVPjK6H1zSkdmA7qZnZWW7zj9fNlTKtGd7JdCrcf2ZRp 9/I9grca4fB0wwLOGXlK4/iUL3cuGvpB6X2Z37Kuhzga7ZGpm/aeGrw88ePJJ8NuzTxr9a/ZU+JW AAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image024.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhjAADAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQCK AAEAgAAAAP///wIKjI+py+0Po5zUFAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image025.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhGAAzAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAX ADMAgAAAAP///wJfhI+JwaHWomxr0nckxndv5oVg+DkkZ57KqCZsm6UwJM+vXcO3nre731P9hMHT 0FgkHZVJUdOzdM4q01iVdgVEoc9Sduu9glHfLllsfozV6VXb9aais9rO1FK16MH7QAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image026.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAA4AHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAO ADcAgAAAAP///wJGjB+gC+jGonJSnhohZmmv7jXhNIoj6KGbirGVa5VwJtenHc4cnvKr3wK+hLGb MUekHXvLXzP4HEaLyJyuockgJo/Lh1IpAAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0010_image027.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhJgAmAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAm ACYAgAAAAP8A/wJ2hI9pwaEPY5s02jRhva/xxXyHJ44hR5amY6Uqcmrsq8TYTN8dnutY38LZgL4F MQg6SlhDpcno1ECjtSkV5rqCmtcQT+vV/gDfblJMZpadsbVS6AYO4705/cXl5vTpNz+Lx7dVJ4hF Axh0N7iXUYMYSLEBpphQAAA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/slide0011.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Electrons 1 Template
Equivale= nts
lOne equivalent is the amount of an acid (or base) = that will give one mole of hydrogen (or hydroxide = ions)
l= 3;
l= Gram equivalent mass – the mass of one equiv= alent.
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l#5a What is the mass equivalent of H3<= /span>PO4?
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l
= l#6a Determine the gram equivalent mass of Mg(OH)2 = and CH3COOH (HC= 2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>).
l
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l#5a What is the mass equivalent of H3<= /span>PO4?
l    3.0  +  31.0  +  64.0  =3D  98.0 g
l        98.0 g        =3D     32.7 g
l         3 eq (H+)         1 eq (H+)
l#6a Determine the gram equivalent mass of Mg(OH)2   
l        = ;  and CH3COOH  (HC2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>).
l      Mg(OH)2<= /span>    ;  24.3  +  32.0 + 2.0  =3D  59.3 g
l      58.3 g    =3D    29.2 g/eq =
l       2 e= q (H+<= /span>)
l      HC= 2<= /span>H3O2<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>       →       H+    +    C2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>–
l      HC= 2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>   ;    24.0 +<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  32.0  +  4.0  =3D 60.0 g/mol= 3;
l      60.0 g   =3D  60.0 g/eq
l       1 e= q (H+<= /span>)
l
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l= #7b  = How many equivalents are in 7.4 g Ca(OH)2?
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l#8b  Determine the number of equivalents in
l 19.6 g H2SO4<= /span>.
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l= #7b  = How many equivalents are in 7.4 g Ca(OH)2?
l      7,4 g Ca(= OH)2<= /span> x  2 eq        = ;        =3D    0.20 = eq
l        = ;            &n= bsp;           74.1 g Ca(OH)2
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l#8b  Determine the number of equivalen= ts in
l 19.6 g H2<= /span>SO4. = ;
l        = ;   19.6 g H2SO4<= /span>   x  2 eq        = ;        =3D  0.40 eq
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;      98.1 g H2SO4<= /span>
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Normalit= y
<= /v:shape>
lNormality – of a solution is the concentrati= on express as the number of equivalents of solute in one liter of solution.
l= 3;
l Normality (N)  =3D  equivalent/Liter
l
l eq  = =3D  N  x  L
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l#9a  = How many equivalents are in 0.55 L of
l 1.8 N = NaOH?
l= 3;
l= 3;
l= 3;
l# 10  What is the normality of:
l a. 20.0g NaOH in 1.0 L solution?
l
l
l b. 4.9 g H2SO4<= /span> in 5= 00 mL of solution?
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l#9a  = How many equivalents are in 0.55 L of
l 1.8 N = NaOH?
l        = ;   eq  =3D  N  x  L
l        = ;   eq  =3D  1.8 N  x  0.55 L  =3D  0.99 eq
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>l= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>l# 10  What is the normality of:
l a. 20.0 g NaOH in 1.0 L solution?
l        = ;  20.0 g NaOH   x   1 eq     =3D  0.50 eq/L  =3D  0.50 N
l        = ;    1.0 L  NaOH       40.4 g
l
l     b. 4.9 g H2<= /span>SO4 in 500 mL of solution? =
l        = ;   4.9 g H2SO4<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>   x    2 eq  =3D   0.20 N   =3D    0.2 N or 0.2 eq/L = ;
l        = ;   0.5 L H2SO4<= /span>       98.= 1 g
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lN1V1<= /span>  =3D=   N 2V2
l
l #11  = How many milliliters of 3.0 N KOH are needed to prepare 870 mL of 0.20 N KOH? = ;
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lN1V1<= /span>  =3D=   N 2V2
l
l #11  = How many milliliters of 3.0 N KOH are needed to prepare 870 mL of 0.20 N KOH?
l   V1  =3D=   ? mL
l   N1  =3D=   3.0 N  KOH
l   V2  =3D=   870 mL
l   N2  =3D=   0.20 N KOH
l   V1  =3D=   N 2V2    0.20 N  x 870 mL  =3D  58 mL 3N KOH
l        = ;            &n= bsp;  N1        = ;            3.0 N
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l#12  = How would you prepare 500 mL of 0.20 N   sulfuric acid from a stock solution of 4.0 N  sulfuric acid? <= /div>
l
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<= /v:shape>
l#12  = How would you prepare 500 mL of 0.20 N   sulfuric acid from a stock solution of 4.0 N  sulfuric acid? <= /div>
l       N1<= /span>V1  =3D  N 2V2&= #13;
l        = ;  V2  =3D   N1V1  =3D  0.20 N  x  500 mL  =3D  25 mL  H2<= /span>SO4
l        = ;          N 2        = ;            &n= bsp;  4.0 N
l       Pou= r in 25 mL of 4.0 N H2SO4<= /span> and = dilute up to  
l       500= mL with water or pour 475 mL of water in the
l       volumetric flask.
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l#13  = If you need 50.0 mL of 0.152 N hydrochloric acid   to neutralize 29.2 mL Ca(OH)= 2<= /span>, what is the   <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:68.25%;left:3.78%;width:80.3%;height:33.33%= '>   normality of the base?
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l#13  = If you need 50.0 mL of 0.152 N hydrochloric acid   <= /span>to neutralize 29.2 mL Ca(OH)2<= /span>, what is the      <= /span>normality of the base?
l     V1<= /span>  =3D=   50.0 mL  HCl
l     N1<= /span>  =3D=   0.152 N HCl
l     V2<= /span>  =3D=   29.2 mL  Ca(OH)2  = 3;
l     N2<= /span>  =3D=   ?
l     N 2<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  =3D     N1V1<= /span>  =3D=   0.152 N  x  50.0 mL  =3D  0.260 N Ca(OH)2&= #13;
l        = ;            &n= bsp;       V2        = ;            &n= bsp;     29.2 mL
l
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l#14  = What is the normality of a solution of a base if  <= /span>   25 mL is neutralize by 75 mL= of 0.40 N acid?
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<= /v:shape>
l#14  = What is the normality of a solution of a base if     25 mL is neutralize by 75 mL of 0.40 N acid? <= /span>
l      N<= span style=3D'font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-text-raise:-25%'>1<= /span>V1  =3D  N 2V2&= #13;
l        N1<= /span>   =3D  ?   N base
l      V<= span style=3D'font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-text-raise:-25%'>1<= /span>   =3D  25 mL base
l      V<= span style=3D'font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-text-raise:-25%'>2<= /span>   =3D 75 mL acid
l      N<= span style=3D'font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-text-raise:-25%'>2<= /span>   =3D  0.40 N acid
l         N1   =3D  N 2<= /span>V2    =3D  0.40 N  x  75 mL  =3D  1.2 N base 
l        = ;            &n= bsp;        V1        = ;            &n= bsp;  25 mL
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l#15  = How many milliliters of 0.850 N hydrochloric acid would you need to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.480 N  sodium hydroxide?
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l#15  = How many milliliters of 0.850 N hydrochloric acid would you need to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.480 N  sodium hydroxide
l   V1  =3D=   ? mL HCl
l   N1   =3D  0.850 N HCl
l   V2  =3D=   25.0  mL NaOH
l   N2  =3D=   0.480 N
l   V1  =3D=   N 2V2     =3D  = 0.48 N  x  25.0 mL  =3D  14.1 mL HCl
l        = ;            &n= bsp;  N1        = ;            &n= bsp;    0.850 N
l
l
l
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l#16  How many milliliter of 1.05 N NaO= H are needed    to neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.6= 20 N H2<= /span>SO4?
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l= #16  = How many milliliter of 1.05 N NaOH are needed    to neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.620 N H2SO4<= /span>?
l     V1<= /span>  =3D=   ? mL NaOH
l     N1<= /span>  =3D=   1.05 N NaOH
l     V2<= /span>  =3D=   50.0 mL H2SO4
l     N2<= /span>  =3D=   0.620 N H2SO4
l     V1<= /span>  =3D=   N 2V2 &nb= sp; =3D  0.620 N  x  50.0 mL  =3D  29.5 mL NaOH
l        = ;          N1        = ;            &n= bsp;       1.05 N
l
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<= /v:shape>
l#18   Write a balanced equation f= or the following     reactants and give the name = of the products.
l
l H2SO4(aq)<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  +   KOH   →
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<= /v:shape>
l#18   Write a balanced equation for the following     reactants and give the name = of the products.
l
l H2SO4(aq)<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  +   KOH   →  K2SO4<= /span>  +  2H2O
l
l        = ;  potassium sulfate and water
l
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Salt Hydrolysis
lSalt Hydrolysis – the cations or anions of t= he dissociated salt remove hydrogen ions from or donate hydrogen ions to water.  Depending on the direction of the hydrogen-ion transfer, solutions = containing hydrolyzing salt may be either acidic o= r basic.
l
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lStrong Acids – HCl, HNO3<= /span>, H2SO4<= /span>
lStrong Bases – NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2<= /span>
l= 3;
l= 3;
lStrong Acid +&nbs= p; Strong Base  =3D <= /span>
lStrong Acid +&nbs= p; Weak Base   =3D&#= 13;
lWeak Acid  +   Strong Base = =3D
l= 3;
l
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lStrong Acids – HCl, HNO3<= /span>, H2SO4<= /span>
lStrong Bases – NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2<= /span>
l= 3;
l= 3;
lStrong Acid +&nbs= p; Strong Base  =3D  neutral solution
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>lStrong Acid +  Weak Base   =3D  acidic solution
lWeak Acid  +   Strong Base = =3D  basic solution =
l= 3;
l
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lShort Cut
l
l NaC2H3<= /span>O2  →
l
l
l
l NH4Cl  →&#= 13;
l
l
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lSalt Hydrolysis
l CH3COONa rewritten  NaC2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>
l NaC2H3<= /span>O2  →
l    Short Cut – = add water or OHH  it <= /div>
l    NaC2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>  +  HOH  →  NaOH  +  HC2H3<= /span>O2
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;         strong        weak        basic solution
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;          base        = ;  acid
l
l    NH4<= /span>Cl   →
l NH4Cl  +  HOH  →  NH4<= /span>OH  +=   HCl
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;   weak        = ;  strong        = ;   acidic solution
l        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;   base        = ;   acid
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Buffers<= /span>
= lBuffers – are solutions which the pH doesn&#= 8217;t change when small amount= s of acids and bases are added.
lBest buffers –= ; weak acid and one of its salts.
l example  HC2H3<= /span>O2, NaC2H3O2<= /span>
l weak acid salt
lBuffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that= can be added to a buffer solution before a significant= change in pH occurs.
= lTwo buffer solutions are crucial in maintaining hu= man = blood pH within a very narrow range (pH 7.35 ̵= 1; 7.45)
l Table 21.2 H2CO3 = / HCO3– = ;
l H2PO4– / HPO4<= /span>2<= /span>–
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l#23  = Write the reactions to show what happens when the following occurs.
l a. Acid is added to a solution of HPO42̵= 1; .= 3;
l
l
l
l b. Base is added to a solution of H2PO4<= /span>–.
l
l
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l#23  = Write the reactions to show what happens when the following occurs.
l a.  &nb= sp; Acid is added to a solution of HPO42<= /span>– .=  
l        = ;           H+   +   HPO4<= /span>2<= /span>–  →   H2PO4<= /span>– 
l
l b.  &nb= sp; Base is added to a solution of H2PO4–.
l        = ;            OH–  +  H2PO4–     →    H2O  +   HPO42–  = ;
l
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Solubili= ty Product Constant
l AgCl(s)  →Ag+(aq)<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  +  Cl-(aq) =
l
l Keq =3D  [Ag+] [Cl-<= /span>]
l      [AgCl]
l
l Ksp =3D [Ag+] [Cl-] = ;
l
l Ksp =3D  Solubility Product Constant =
l Solubility Product Constants= Table 21.4 p 632.
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l#25  = Lead (II) sulfide (PbS) has a Ksp of 3 x 10-28.    What is the concentration of lead (II) ions in a  saturated solution of PbS?<= /span>
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l#25  = Lead (II) sulfide (PbS) has a Ksp of 3 x 10-28.    What is the concentration of lead (II) ions in a  saturated solution of PbS?
l        Ksp=   =3D 3 x 10-28 
l        PbS  →  Pb2+=   +  S2–  =
l        = ;            &n= bsp;  x        = ;   x
l        Ksp=   =3D=   [x] [x]
l        3 x 10-28  =3D x2
l         x  =3D  1.732 x 10-1= 4   =3D   2 x 10-1= 4 M= 3;
l
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l27  T= he Ksp=  of s= ilver sulfide (Ag2S) is 8 x 10-5= 1.
l a.  What is the silver-ion concentration of a saturated solution of silver sulfide?
l b. What is the sulfide-ion concentration of the same solution?
l
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l27  T= he Ksp=  of s= ilver sulfide (Ag2S) is 8 x 10-5= 1.
l a.  What is the silver-ion concentration of a saturated solution of silver sulfide?
l b. What is the sulfide-ion concentration of the same solution?
l        = ;  Ag2S     2 Ag+<= /span>  +  S2–
l        = ;            &n= bsp;    2x     &n= bsp;    x
l        = ;   Ksp =3D 8 x 10-51
l        = ;        8 x 10-51  =3D  [2x]2  [x]=
l        = ;   4x3  =3D  8 x 10-51 =
l        = ;     x3  =3D  2 x 10-51
l        = ;     x    =3D  1.25992 x 10-1= 7
l        = ;     x    =3D   S2–  =3D  1 x 10-17 M
l        = ;    2x   =3D  Ag+  =3D=   2 x 10-17 M
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lCommon Ion Effect &= #8211; the lowering of the solubility of a substance by the addition of a common ion.
Common Ion Eff= ect
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l#30  = The Ksp=  of S= rSO4<= /span> is 3= .2 x 10 -7= .  Wh= at is the   equilibrium concentration of sulfate ion in a 1.0 L  solution of strontium sulfate to w= hich 0.10 mol  Sr(CH3COO)2 has been added? [Sr(C2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>) 2]
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= l#30  = The Ksp=  of S= rSO4<= /span> is 3= .2 x 10 -7= .  Wh= at is the   equilibrium concentration of sulfate ion in a 1.0 L  solution of strontium sulfate to w= hich 0.10 mol  Sr(CH3COO)2 has been added? [Sr(C2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>) 2] = 3;
l        = ;  Sr(C2H3O2 = )2  →  Sr2+=    = ;  +     2= C2<= /span>H3O2<= /span>– 
l       0.10 mol/L         1.0 mol/L     2 mol/L
l       SrS= O4<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  → Sr2+=    = ;  +   SO4<= /span>2<= /span>–
l        = ;   Ksp  =3D   [Sr2+]   [SO42̵= 1;]
l        3.2 x 10 -7 =3D  [0.10 M]  [SO4<= /span>2<= /span>–]  =3D  3.2 x 10-6 M
l
l        = ;     
Common = ion
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l#32  A student prepares a solution by combining  = 0.025 mol CaCl2 and 0.015 mol Pb(NO3<= /span>) 2 and adding water to make 1.0 L of solution.&n= bsp; Will a <= /span>  precipitate of PbCl2<= /span> form= in this solution?
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= l#32  A student prepares a solution by combining    0.025 mol CaCl2 and = 0.015 mol Pb(NO3) 2<= /span> and = adding water to make 1.0 L of solution.  Will a precipit= ate of PbCl2 form in this solution?&nb= sp; Not really a common ion problem.
l    CaCl2<= /span>        = ;   →    Ca2+         +      2 Cl–
l     0.025 mol/L       0.0= 25 mol/L      =   0.050 mol/L
l    Pb(NO3<= /span>)2      →    Pb2+         +      2 NO3–
l    0.015 mol/L        0.015 mol/L      0.030 mol/L
l    PbCl2<= /span>  →  Pb2+  +  2Cl-
l    Ksp=   =3D=    [Pb2+]  [C= l-]2&= #13;
l    Ksp=   =3D=   [0.015]  [0.050]2
l    Ksp=   =3D=   3.75 x 10-5= 3;
l    p 632 chart value for= PbCl2<= /span> is 1= .7 x 10-5
l    3.75 x 10-5 > 1.7 x 10-5;  yes a ppt forms
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------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/script.js Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii" function LoadSld() { var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj") if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09 sld.style.visibility=3D"visible" return } if( MakeNotesVis() ) return runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations(); =09 if( IsWin("PPTSld") ) parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId()) g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize) g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis()=20 { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans )=09 { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09 } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis()=20 { if( !IsNts() ) return false=20 SlideObj.style.display=3D"none" nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj") parent.SetHasNts(0) if( nObj ) {=20 nObj.style.display=3D"" parent.SetHasNts(1) } return 1 } function ChkAutoAdv() { if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la= stIndexOf('/')+1) } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } var g_HLinkArray =3D new Array(); =20 function IMapAreaObj( areaObj, coords ) { this.areaObj =3D areaObj; this.coords =3D coords; } function InitHLinkArray() { var appVer =3D navigator.appVersion; var msie =3D appVer.indexOf ( "MSIE " ) var ver =3D 0; if ( msie >=3D 0 ) ver =3D parseInt ( appVer.substring( msie+5 ) ); linkNum =3D 0; for (i=3D0; i 4 ) ) g_HLinkArray[linkNum++] =3D new IMapAreaObj( areaObj, ParseCoords( ar= eaObj.coords ) ); } } function ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) { =20 for ( ii=3D0; ii< g_HLinkArray.length; ii++) { coordsStr=3D""; imaObj =3D g_HLinkArray[ii]; for ( jj=3D0; jj < imaObj.coords.length-1; jj++ ) coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor) + ","; coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor); imaObj.areaObj.coords =3D coordsStr; } } function ParseCoords( coordsStr ) { var numArray =3D new Array(); var i =3D curPos =3D commaPos =3D 0; while ( ( commaPos =3D coordsStr.indexOf(",", curPos) ) !=3D -1 ) {=20 numArray[i++] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos, commaPos ) ); curPos =3D commaPos + 1; } numArray[i] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos ) ); return numArray; } function PlaySound( href, loop ){ href=3D unescape(href); if( window.event ) window.event.cancelBubble =3D true; pptSound.src =3D href; pptSound.loop =3D loop ? -1 : 0; } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames= Mode() ) || (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) { =09 if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex= t ) return; parent.GoToNextSld(); } } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D52, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0035.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0036.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0037.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0038.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00= 14.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide004= 0.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0041= .htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0042.= htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0018.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0043.h= tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0019.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0044.ht= m",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0045.htm= ",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0046.htm"= ,1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0047.htm",= 1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0025.htm",1= ,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0048.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0027.htm",1,= -1,1),new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0028.htm",1,-= 1,1),new hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0049.htm",1,-1= ,1),new hrefList("slide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0031.htm",1,-1,= 1),new hrefList("slide0050.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0032.htm",1,-1,1= ),new hrefList("slide0051.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0033.htm",1,-1,1)= ,new hrefList("slide0034.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0052.htm",1,-1,1),= new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0053.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('


' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/buttons.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWAESAPf4AAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgAQEBISEBASEBISEhAQEhMTExAQE /KTM9Pz8/ERERPz8BAT8/KSkpGRkhMTcxCRkxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////yH5BAEAAPgALAAAAABYARIA QAj/APEJHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGCEiQKCRo8YDIEHig2DxAD4LKD1avDDhgUuV GUOGbHBR5QGYFBG4fHAB58EKECJEwCfUYAWPFGAygLCRKQIIUKM6WAohKUGgCikcFWh1INWoYKVS 7SrQ41GbIhGYLAuVQVOoC+IyXUuUAkG1HE3KFDhAwkgJc5/qDZmxsOHDiBMrXsy4sePDGyP7lChT 5MULmDPnlDw5YmW6FTNrfgi0aNGEZPEtbfo2bNTUpYeeRph69dPWrqvCNFuBIGG1A59CYPAVQtwF cw0OxWdTIOiBCQAjaAB17fOFII8voGmRc+eOkilm/z9OvTtnjN4hYk1YoT3H2rnBOphPAB9skgq3 2lcaX/5YnJVt9BloAar12UEIRGCZdQghMABI1Tn32IQUVthYexhmqGGGMBHAgIfEhSiiiATAtOGJ GnYI4ogsEldicAYOGNJGZaml3Y0L3NTZUBz1xlB0PUoUI0jlVWRSVN89xBKSGB1YU1TMoRfVBEle hR9HQs1GEHxQ3RZZbveZthxt/LEmXHyp5XWABSCpaRJwbM13gAACPHVccgJFgF+NEhqUAEkQSCfc ddhVhh5dVTaEAEsTUNlkZUWKN9BNGDE6QU8OrSdbllzpxyVTTrU21Uj3scfhp7nNpyoDaTIEJ3P9 If8J2kbLNYegg9JRBwGhFvbq66+ZUiDssMQWK2yHxiZLrInKNotss8l+B5yBrr5p2UIJvortANoC 6+234IbLla/elRtZjeamh5CC3Sb0YLvixivvYkDFGlZqBNh7r4n6goVvv6/ZlCicN+kL71ALTnpQ dCIZp7CihkLA3UQmoWRBogyxtBPGCTnZncVR1rSTo5nuydC/Eo8kUH+lOoTyyvjoCuZu+PjYIKLD rZybtrM1d10C0QXKEVz48GrQkEeWdFJKlbb0UmEeV0SzyC6RvNB646LWIVjUNeC1zAFb+RDKXksM 9r531bwmpQW9+hQDDsx5pqwDRWBXcFES2hc+gEn/wJGdEEWdE6LoWcoxQweaTNmkhydkKaYMYY2Q p1unbLl/pPKbn3v7EZRvrKvqlja2ONvrtoIw9tn2g32/tQBlhtYkU+MNikZ7QYlPDPuMldpOmuJX nVo5VF3HjI+q89mteX5IDd/fVFClma5kiE4f2XUJhlz09gj2NbTDRifkmu7zXjR++RVJ/lPznuvr QH2iD6S+UewP9Dnon6d2NLwN8n90BB6hC68cFMCHoe+ACASP9c4DowUyEF0OPFcDI0ij/VXPaAKC UfhS95AKGoQ7IBRICI1HwhGaUIQoLGEKT6jCFrLwhSuMoQtlCMMZ2rCGOKShDm+4wxzy8Ic+DGIP B4cIRCKGMCAAOy== ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/frame.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Electrons 1 Template ------=_NextPart_01C5A279.6945ECE0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-21Neutralizationwebpage_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
 No= tes
Slide Show
Outline
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