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Click to edit Master title style<= /div>
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------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/master33.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/pres.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0001.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
n The = Nature of Covalent Bonding
n  Bon= ding Theories
n  Pol= ar Bonds and Molecules
T= EKS 2A,2B,2D,2E, 3B, 3D, 4C, 6A, 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D,11B
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nUse electron dot structures to show the formation = of single, double, and triple covalent bonds. =
nDescribe and give examples of coordinated covalent= bonding, resonance structures, and exceptions to <= /span>the octet rule.
n<= /span>Describe the molecular orbital theory of covalent = bonding, including orbital hybridization.
n<= /span>Use VSEPR theory to predict the shapes of simple <= /span>covalently bonded molecules.
n<= /span>Use electronegativity values to classify a bond as= nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. <= /span>
n<= /span>Name and describe the weak attractive forces that = hold groups of molecules together.
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p2e/52DpFnJYN3LtxoLv5mTxpnzztlr1Vl739nI4GH06uHYKeGKB9XYqFneolyGqxyhnZoQLR34Y aH57B0M5ZntOiHshmFlUGH9EhoUnqIWNh3+PV3xfeHxhmHxQtnxl2Hxn+HxpqIacx4YKZXNviHOl J4enN2apV2ZECHQh4n56ewh7LnR0HAiIHiiIIHhxUvh+u5dHV0h/WRh89wcdEuaFJdeC4IFy4RWD Y4J50KJ5NriJONiJ0fSJbQeHohhmc1iKdXiKd8h6qjh+F9iKsveHtSeL6/eEgkeIrBY7vXduvGh/ 6taIxAcy+zcykuh/YwiAliiAmEiAmtgmAQEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0002.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Single Covalent
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nSingle Covalen= t Bond – atoms share a single pair of
nelectrons (2 electrons)
n
n Electron Dot Structural Formula
n H2<= /span>         = ;  
n
n    F2<= /span>         = ;  
n
n H2<= /span>O        = ;   
n        = ;            
n    NH3        = ;        
n        = ;            
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0043.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Single Covalent
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nSingle Covalen= t Bond – atoms share a single pair of
nelectrons (2 electrons)
n
n Electron Dot Structural Formula
n H2<= /span>         = ;   H   H        = ;            &n= bsp;    H – H
n
n    F2         = ;   F  F        = ;            &n= bsp;      F – F
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;    
n H2<= /span>O        = ;    O  H        = ;            &n= bsp;    O – H
n        = ;             H        = ;            &n= bsp;         H
n    NH3        = ;         H        = ;            &n= bsp;         H
n        = ;             N  H        = ;            &n= bsp;     N – H
n        = ;            &n= bsp;          H        = ;            &n= bsp;         H
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R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIRhG6hp8F7EJi02hsTbM9FARQAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0043_image019.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhAwBYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAB AFUAgAAAAP///wIMjI8Iy+0PWZomOkoLADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0003.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Double Covalent Bond
nDouble Covalent Bo= nd – atoms share 2 pairs of electrons (4 electrons)
–
nElectron Dot Structural Formula=
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nO2&= #13;
n
n
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0044.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Double Covalent Bond
nDouble Covalent Bo= nd – atoms share 2 pairs of electrons (4 electrons)
–
nElectron Dot Structural Formula=
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nO2<= /span>        = ;     O  O        = ;            &n= bsp;   O – O
n
n
n
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Triple Covalent Bond
nTriple Covalent Bo= nd -  atoms share 3 pairs of electrons (6 electrons)
n
n    =   Electron Dot Str= uctural Formula
n
n N2
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Triple Covalent Bond
nTriple Covalent Bo= nd -  atoms share 3 pairs of electrons (6 electrons)
n
n    =   Electron Dot Str= uctural Formula
n
n N2        = ;            &n= bsp;       N   N        = ;            &n= bsp;    N Ξ N
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045_image033.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwITBCQmEci9WELI2IuzSkdG+ExUAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045_image034.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwITBGQioRvs4FLJ2IsxVY/3iDRAAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045_image035.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO ABcAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwI5BGSZaBLC1oOhxlNnvs5iqHzMpZDhiabqCbKjt3QU3GzdU24HRPLm CgwKQzzXCyex3Dg2XRLnI/IKADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045_image036.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwITBGQigRvs4ELJ2IuvSk9F9UhbAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0045_image037.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAG AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIVBCR2ESnMEEwHUYWz3ki9tkwhZSUFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0005.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot formula and electron
n    configuration for met= hane (CH4).
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nDraw the electron dot formula for carbon dioxide <= /span>(CO2).= 3;
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot formula and electron
n    configuration for met= hane (CH4).
n        = ;            &n= bsp; H
n        = ;        H    C   H
n        = ;            &n= bsp; H
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nDraw the electron dot formula for carbon dioxide <= /span>(CO2).= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n        = ;          O   C   O
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image038.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBgAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAG AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIKhC5gESnMXFQoFQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image039.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP//zP///wIUxG6ip8JrEJi02nty2GeHzkUDUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image040.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO AAUAgQAAAP8AAP//zP///wIWxDQDaxN5BGIm2CQncxfrlTxKQ21LAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image041.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBgAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAG AAUAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIKhC5gESnMXFQoFQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image042.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP//zP///wIUxG6hp8FrEJi0WnvQEPxw4XXRABQAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image043.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCwAYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAK ABcAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIqhC0ph7rsEgOuPUmDfkfowCFfaE3miaZqOXlbO8Jvi5EdSLqgvMs2 9SgAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image044.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCwAYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAJ ABcAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIllAWZEo3anAIsvGlWxvHSzknYNpXmiabqylKmYZVVrMxe5WlmAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image045.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBgAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAF AAUAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIIhG6hp8FrUAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image046.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIShG6hp8FrjgC02otlWqI9F00FADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image047.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBgAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAF AAUAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIIhG6hp8F7UAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image048.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAF AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIIhG6hp8FrUAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image049.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIShG6hp8FrEJi02ntEWqI9F2kFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image050.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAF AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIIhG6hp8F7UAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0046_image051.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAF AAUAgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIIhG6hp8FrUAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0006.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Coordinate Covalent Bond
<= /v:shape>
nA coordinate covalent bond – a covalent bond= in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons = .
nDraw the electron configuration for CO.
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Coordinate Covalent Bond
<= /v:shape>
nA coordinate covalent bond – a covalent bond= in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons = .
nDraw the electron configuration for CO.
n= 3;
n= 3;
n        = ;             C    O <= /span>
n
n
n        = ;             C    O <= /span>
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image052.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIThA4WccvihDky2YszTfBFxUxSAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image053.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIShG6hp8FrEJi02ntEWqI9F2kFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image054.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO ABcAgQAAAP8AAP//zP///wI/3GKgYMgBx3rxxGlRS8tyOSlcSJbmeYIkaAgjM7it4GK0fKtM3r49 a9KhhsRUUBTzJWe1Di9noxmWmGTnCCgAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image055.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP//zP///wECAwIThCIZq9wCDIy0WjoNanshnURTAQA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image056.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAUAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF ABIAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIUlAUSaxv9QEKy2ouzzic59YFRVwAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0047_image057.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhFAAOAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAS AAwAgAAAAP///wIYhI8WkZ27FJyUugdvi7rLWnniSJYeCCIFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0007.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot structure  and the electron structural formula for the following: <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n H+       +        NH3<= /span>         →        = ;  NH4+<= /span> 
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nDraw the electron dot structure  and the electron structural formula for the following: <= /span>
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n H+       +        NH3<= /span>         →        = ;  NH4+&= #13;
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;
n        = ;      H+        = ;         H        = ;            &n= bsp;    H         +
n        = ;            +        N  H →        = ;       H  N   N
n        = ;            &n= bsp;         H     &nb= sp;            =        H
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image058.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIRhG6hp8FrEJi02ntEzLzrDBQAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image059.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwISBCSmhicRkkL0QcmqjUu71jUFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image060.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIRhA6pJ8a9gnwoTqqMDI3l5BUAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image061.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIShASphhZx1oniQTmPbSn7xUQFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image062.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIRhAQWgbLs1pmp2osTnbx7VAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image063.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgAAAAP///wIORG6nyxkAo5zUOYafAgUAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image064.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAHAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO AAUAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIRhA6pJ8a9gnwoTqqMDI3l5BUAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image065.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgAAAAP///wIORAJ2uO2Xopw0LfVyAwUAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image066.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhDwBEAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAAAO AEQAgAAAAP///wJNhI8Qm7qcXjtwmmBjRnhf/4GdN25ldlrptDatJoKK/HL0Heckvusm//OhgEOh ing0spBLpYv5dMJ61GC1eE1mm9tod2r9RioksumxKAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0048_image067.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhFABEAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAT AEQAgAAAAP///wJXRA6py3v/mmxxWhOuzVry7oDMJxqlQoopuHat9l7xdibzdHu1WefU7hsBhz3i KRgqKo/GEhLVVEVZU1cVdpVlaUvnFvfVdaVjatl6xqa5XhVCBqFAKpYCADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0008.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron = dot and electron structural formula for HCN.
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nDraw the electron dot and electron structural formula for HCN.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n        = ;  H  C   N
n
n
n
n        = ;  H – C = Ξ N
n
n
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0049_image068.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhEAAYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAO ABcAgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwI0hA6pJ8a9gnwoTqqMDI3l5H3iSJbm6UCZh1lcC26Uqk2pGKL6zoPV ioDVXo+VTCiQ3T6eAgA7 ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0049_image069.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAGb/M////wECAwISlCJwgduXgJK02mqkybv7rEkFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0049_image070.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA0AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwISlCJwgducVAS02ivpSs6wZiQFADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0049_image071.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhBwAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAF AA4AgQAAAP8AAP///wECAwIUhG6hp8FrEJi02imwcI+3s0kZUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0009.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
=
nDraw the electron dot and electron structural formula for SO42-= .
n
n        = ;      
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=
nDraw the electron dot and electron structural formula for SO42-= .
n        = ;            &n= bsp;       2–        = ;            &n= bsp;    2–
n        = ;         O        = ;            &n= bsp;      O
n        = ;    O   S  O        = ;         O    S– O =
n        = ;         O        = ;            &n= bsp;      O
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------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0050_image101.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCgAQAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAgAG AA0AgAAAAP///wIRhGOHGa0OmpwwpnPtXSxzDBQAOx== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0010.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Bond Dissociation Energy
nIt is the total energy required to break the bond = between two covalently bonded atoms. <= /span>
n#12 How many kJ are required to dissociate all the= C-H single bonds in 0.1 mol of ethene (C2<= /span>H2) ? 
n
n
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Bond Dissociation Energy
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nIt is the total energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>n#12 How many k= J are required to dissociate all the C-H single bonds in 0.1 mol of ethene (C2H4) ? &= #13;
n<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;display:none'>
n     H        = ;    H
n         C =3D C
n     H        = ;    H
n 
n     C =3D C       657 kJ        = ;       =3D   657
n     C – H       4(3= 93 kJ)        = ;   =3D  1572 <= /div>
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;   2229 kJ
n
n     2229 kJ  x  .1 =3D   222.9 kJ=   =3D  223 kJ
n
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Resonance
nResonance structures are structures that occur when it is possible to write two or more valid electron dot formulas that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion.
nDraw the resonance structures for O3<= /span>.
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0052.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Resonance
nResonance structures are structures that occur when it is possible to write two or more valid electron dot formulas that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion.
nDraw the resonance structures for O3<= /span>.
n
n      O  –  O  =3D  O        = ;         O  =3D  O  –  O =
n
n
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Exception to the Octet Rule
nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for <= /span>NO, and NO2.  Draw resonance structures for the= se compounds.
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0053.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
Exception to the Octet Rule
nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for <= /span>NO, and NO2.  Draw resonance structures for the= se compounds.
n
n       N  =3D  O        = ;            &n= bsp;       N  =3D O
n
n
n O  =3D  N  –  O         O  =3D  N  –  O         O  =3D  N  –  O
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AAUAgAAAAP//zAIOjA0JF8vq2FNSwrngTQUAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0013.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron = dot and structural formula for PCl5<= /span> and = SF6<= /span>.
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0054.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for <= /span>PCl5 and SF6.
n  
n       Cl<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>     Cl        = ;            &n= bsp;   F      F
n        = ;    P        = ;            &n= bsp; F     &nb= sp; S      F
n      Cl       Cl<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        = ;            &n= bsp; F      F
n        = ;  Cl
n
n       Cl<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>      Cl        = ;            &n= bsp;  F      F
n        = ;   P        = ;            &n= bsp;   F      S      F
n      Cl       Cl<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        = ;            &n= bsp; F      F
n        = ;  Cl        = ;            &n= bsp;     
n
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R0lGODlhJgAGAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAgAj AAQAgAAAAP///wIUhI+pC+FvHEuvHluz3jzMxn2iUQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0014.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
= nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for t= he following:
n BF3    → ←    NH3
n
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= nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for t= he following:
n BF3    → ←    NH3
n =
n        = ;          F        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;   H
n        F  B        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;   N   H =
n        = ;    F        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;   H
n        = ;            &n= bsp;     F   H =
n        = ;             F   B   N   H
n        = ;            &n= bsp;     F   H  
n
n        = ;            &n= bsp;     F   H =
n        = ;             F   B   N   H
n        = ;            &n= bsp;     F   H  
n =
n
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= Paramagnetism & Diamagnetism
nDiamagnetic substances are those that all the electrons are paired.  Diamagnetism substances are weakly repelled by an external magnetic field. = ;
nParamagnetic substances are those that contain one or more unpaired electron.  Such substances show a strong attraction to an external magnet.= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nDraw the electron = dot and structural formula for O2.
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= Paramagnetism & Diamagnetism
nDiamagnetic substances are those that all the electrons are paired.  Diamagnetism substances are weakly repelled by an external magnetic field. = ;
nParamagnetic substances are those that contain one or more unpaired electron.  Such substances show a strong attraction to an external magnet.= 3;
nDraw the electron dot and structural formula for O= 2<= /span>.
n
n        = ;            &n= bsp;          O   O =
n
n        = ;            &n= bsp;          O – O
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Molecular Orbitals
nMolecular orbitals – two atom combine and th= eir atomic orbitals overlap to produce a molecular orbital.
antibonding o= rbital
bonding = orbital
Energy = increases
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Molecular Orbitals
nMolecular orbitals – two atom combine and th= eir atomic orbitals overlap to produce a molecular orbital.
n
n
n
n
n
n
antibonding o= rbital
bonding = orbital
Energy = increases
H
H
H2
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S  Orbitals
n
s orbital is spherical
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P orbitals
nFigure 13.4 on page 365
n
<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        = ;  →        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;             ←
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P Orbitals
nP 454 and 455
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 +
= →
<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> +
→
<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  x
= →
Sigma Bond
= Pi Bond
Pi Bond
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Sigma and Pi Bonds
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nSingle Bond   –  1 sigma bond <= /div>
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nDouble Bond  – 1 sigma bond =
–         = ;       1 pi bond  = 3;
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>n Triple Bond  −  1 sigma bond
n       2 pi bond= s
n
nσ - sigma bond <= /div>
nπ - pi bond
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nCount the number of sigma and pi bonds.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n        = ;       H        = ;  H     H=
n        = ;           C  =3D  = C  – C – H
n        = ;       H        = ;         H
n
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nCount the number of sigma and pi bonds.
n
n        = ;       H        = ;  H     H=
n        = ;           C  =3D  = C  – C – H
n        = ;       H        = ;         H
n
n        = ;       1 π  ,  8 σ
n
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VSEPR Theory
nValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory state= that because electron pairs repel, molecular shape= adjusts so the valence-electron pairs are as far <= /span>apart as possible.
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nDraw the electron dot and structural formulas indicating the geometry of the formulas.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nCH4
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nNH3
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nH20 = ;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nCO2<= /span>
------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0058.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot and structural formulas indicating the geometry of the formulas.
n        = ;            H        = ;            &n= bsp;  H
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nCH4<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        = ;  H  C  H        = ;      H – C – H        tetrahedral
n        = ;            H        = ;            &n= bsp;  H
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nNH3        = ;       N        = ;            &n= bsp;    N        = ;   pyramidal
n        = ;        H    H        = ;           H    H <= /span>
n        = ;           H        = ;            &n= bsp;    H
nH20        = ;   O  H        = ;            O – H      bent or v=
n        = ;            H        = ;            &n= bsp;   H        = ;      shaped
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nCO2<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        = ;   O   C   O        = ;        O =3DC =3DO     linear
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charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDraw the electron dot and structural formulas indicating the geometry of the formulas.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nPCl5
n
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
nSF6
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<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nDraw the elect= ron dot and structural formulas indicating the geometry of the formulas.
n<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;display:none'>
n&= #13;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nPCl5<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    Cl      Cl         SF6         F      F
n        = ;         P        = ;            &n= bsp;  F      S    F <= /span>
n        = ;   Cl        Cl     &n= bsp;            = ;  F        F
n        = ;         Cl
n
n        = ;    Cl      Cl        = ;            &n= bsp;  F      F
n        = ;         P        = ;            &n= bsp;   F      S      F
n        = ;    Cl     &n= bsp; Cl     &n= bsp;            = ;    F     &nb= sp; F
n        = ;         Cl 
= n
n        = ;  bipyramidal        = ;          octahedral        = ;           
n
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AAIAgAAAAP///wIPjI+pAe0PI1i02iuzvLwAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/slide0023.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
nDiscuss Figures 16.16, 16.17, 16.18, 16.19        = ;  pp  457-459.  Determine how the hybridization o= f s and p orbits form .
S orbital
P orbital
Yellow + Blue  =3D
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nDiscuss Figures 16.16, 16.17, 16.18, 16.19        = ;  pp  457-459.  Determine how the hybridization o= f s and p orbits form .
S orbital
P orbital
Yellow + Blue  =3D  Green
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<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%'>nsp3<= /span>
↓
<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  s    px      p<= span style=3D'font-family:Tahoma;font-size:89%;position:relative;top:.37em; mso-text-raise:-25%'>y       pz
sp3
Sigma B= ond
Sigma Bond
(σ)  Sigma Bond
Sigma B= ond
CH4= 3;
methane
= H
= │
      H - C - H <= /div>
= │
= H
<= /span>
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Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding
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ethene
π bond – pi bond
σ  bond
σ  bond
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&#= 963;  bond
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Bond Polarity
nThe bonding pairs of electrons in covalent bonds <= /span>are pulled, as in a tug-of-war, between the nuclei= of the atoms sharing the electrons.
nNonpolar Covalent Bonds (Nonpolar Bond)– whe= n covalent bonds join like atoms, the bonding electrons are shared equally. <= /div>
nPolar Covalent Bonds (Polar Bond) – when the= atoms in a bond have different electronegativities= , the bonding electrons are shared unequally and the= bond is polar.
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nDifference between electronegative values are used= to determine polarity.
n
n≥ 2 Ionic –electrons aren’t shared (one atom  
n takes the electron and the = other is forced to give it up.)
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n>.4 <2 Polar Covalent – sharing of electrons is unequal. =
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n≤.4 Nonpolar Covalent – electrons are <= /span> shared equally.
n
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n#19 Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair = of elements as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, = or ionic.
n
n a. HCl
n
n
n b. KCl
n
n
n c. CH4<= /span>
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n#19 Identify the bonds between atoms of each pair = of elements as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, = or ionic.
n    2.1 – 2.8&n= bsp; =3D  0.7  polar covalent        = ;     8+  &n= bsp; 8–
n a. HCl        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;     H – Cl
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;     2.1     2.= 8
n    0.8 – 3.0&n= bsp; =3D  2.2 ; ionic        = ;            &n= bsp;    8+  &n= bsp; 8–
n b. KCl        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;     K – Cl
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;      0.8    3.= 0
n    2.5- 2.1  =3D  0.4  ;  nonpolar    &n= bsp;            = ;     8+
n    c. CH4        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;             H2.1
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;         8+   2.1H   C   H 2.1  8+
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;        H2.1
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;           8+
8-–
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n#20  = Order the following covalent bonds from least to most polar.
n a. H-Cl     b. H-Br     c. H-S     d. H-C     e. F-F
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n#20  = Order the following covalent bonds from least to most polar.
n a. H-Cl     b. H-Br     c. H-S     d. H-C     e. F-F
n   2.1- 3.0=3D.9;   2.1- 2.8=3D.7;   2.1- 2.5=3D.= 4;   2.1- 2.5=3D.4;   4.0- 4.0 =3D 0
n
n     e < c or d < b < a 
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Polar Molecules
nThe presence of a polar bond in a molecule often <= /span>makes the entire molecule polar.  In a polar molecule, one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive.  A molecule that has two poles is called a dipolar molecule, or dipole.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n HCl <= /span>CO2&= #13;
n
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Polar Molecules
nThe presence of a polar bond in a molecule often <= /span>makes the entire molecule polar.  In a polar molecule, one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive.  A molecule that has two poles is called a dipolar molecule, or dipole.
<= span style=3D'font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>n= 3;
n HCl <= /span>CO2&= #13;
n         8+   <= /span>8–        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;           8–=     8+  &n= bsp; 8–
n         H – Cl        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;  O =3D C =3D O
n        = ;  2.0   3.0        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;        3.5   2.5   3.5
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Intermolecular Attractions
nMolecules are often attracted to each other by a v= ariety of forces.  These intermolecular attractions = are weaker than eithe= r an ionic or a covalent bond.
n Weak intermolecular forces determine whether a covalent compound will be a solid liquid or gas.
n A.  va= n der Waal Forces – weakest
n 1. Dispersion – cause= d by the motion of the electrons . (weakest of all)
n 2.  Dipole Interaction – Polar molecules are attracted to other polar molecules.
n 3.  Hydrogen Bonding – hydrogen= bonds are attractive force= s in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom.  Hydrogen bonds= are strong relative to other dipole interactions.
n
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nLook at dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding.&#= 13;
n
n HCl <= /span>H2<= /span>O
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nLook at dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding.&#= 13;
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;      8+   <= /span>8–        = ;  8+   <= /span>8–
n         H – Cl H – Cl     H – C l
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;       dipole interaction&= #13;
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;      8+     8–         8+  &n= bsp; 8–
n        = ;          H2O        = ;        O – H     O – H = ;
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;       H        = ;   H  hydrogen bonding
n        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;       8–        = ;           8–
n
n
n
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Network Solids
<= span style=3D'font-size:88%'>nNetwork solids – are solid in which all of the atoms are covalently bonded to each other.  Diamond is an example of a network solid.
n
n C – C – C –= ; C C – C – = Si– C
n | |    |     | |     |    |     |
n C – C – C –= ; C C –Si – C – C
n | |    |     | |     |    |    |
n C – C – C –= ; C C – C – C ̵= 1; C
n | |    |     | |     |    |    |
n C – C – C –= ; C C – C –<= span style=3D'font-size:88%;color:yellow'>Si – C
n   carbide bit silicon carbide bit
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------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/script.js Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii" function LoadSld() { var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj") if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09 sld.style.visibility=3D"visible" return } if( MakeNotesVis() ) return runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations(); =09 if( IsWin("PPTSld") ) parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId()) g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize) g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis()=20 { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans )=09 { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09 } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis()=20 { if( !IsNts() ) return false=20 SlideObj.style.display=3D"none" nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj") parent.SetHasNts(0) if( nObj ) {=20 nObj.style.display=3D"" parent.SetHasNts(1) } return 1 } function ChkAutoAdv() { if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la= stIndexOf('/')+1) } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } var g_HLinkArray =3D new Array(); =20 function IMapAreaObj( areaObj, coords ) { this.areaObj =3D areaObj; this.coords =3D coords; } function InitHLinkArray() { var appVer =3D navigator.appVersion; var msie =3D appVer.indexOf ( "MSIE " ) var ver =3D 0; if ( msie >=3D 0 ) ver =3D parseInt ( appVer.substring( msie+5 ) ); linkNum =3D 0; for (i=3D0; i 4 ) ) g_HLinkArray[linkNum++] =3D new IMapAreaObj( areaObj, ParseCoords( ar= eaObj.coords ) ); } } function ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) { =20 for ( ii=3D0; ii< g_HLinkArray.length; ii++) { coordsStr=3D""; imaObj =3D g_HLinkArray[ii]; for ( jj=3D0; jj < imaObj.coords.length-1; jj++ ) coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor) + ","; coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor); imaObj.areaObj.coords =3D coordsStr; } } function ParseCoords( coordsStr ) { var numArray =3D new Array(); var i =3D curPos =3D commaPos =3D 0; while ( ( commaPos =3D coordsStr.indexOf(",", curPos) ) !=3D -1 ) {=20 numArray[i++] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos, commaPos ) ); curPos =3D commaPos + 1; } numArray[i] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos ) ); return numArray; } function PlaySound( href, loop ){ href=3D unescape(href); if( window.event ) window.event.cancelBubble =3D true; pptSound.src =3D href; pptSound.loop =3D loop ? -1 : 0; } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames= Mode() ) || (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) { =09 if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex= t ) return; parent.GoToNextSld(); } } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D60, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0037.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0044.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0045.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0046.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0047.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0048.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 049.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00= 50.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide005= 1.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0052= .htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0053.= htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0054.h= tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0014.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0055.ht= m",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0056.htm= ",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0057.htm"= ,1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0041.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",= 1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0018.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0019.htm",1= ,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0042.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0059.htm",1,= -1,1),new hrefList("slide0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021.htm",1,-= 1,1),new hrefList("slide0058.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1= ,1),new hrefList("slide0060.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,= 1),new hrefList("slide0061.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0038.htm",1,-1,1= ),new hrefList("slide0039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0040.htm",1,-1,1)= ,new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0025.htm",1,-1,1),= new hrefList("slide0026.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0062.htm",1,-1,1),n= ew hrefList("slide0027.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0063.htm",1,-1,1),ne= w hrefList("slide0028.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0064.htm",1,-1,1),new= hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new = hrefList("slide0065.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0031.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('


' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/buttons.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWAESAPf4AAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgAQEBISEBASEBISEhAQEhMTExAQE /KTM9Pz8/ERERPz8BAT8/KSkpGRkhMTcxCRkxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////yH5BAEAAPgALAAAAABYARIA QAj/APEJHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGCEiQKCRo8YDIEHig2DxAD4LKD1avDDhgUuV GUOGbHBR5QGYFBG4fHAB58EKECJEwCfUYAWPFGAygLCRKQIIUKM6WAohKUGgCikcFWh1INWoYKVS 7SrQ41GbIhGYLAuVQVOoC+IyXUuUAkG1HE3KFDhAwkgJc5/qDZmxsOHDiBMrXsy4sePDGyP7lChT 5MULmDPnlDw5YmW6FTNrfgi0aNGEZPEtbfo2bNTUpYeeRph69dPWrqvCNFuBIGG1A59CYPAVQtwF cw0OxWdTIOiBCQAjaAB17fOFII8voGmRc+eOkilm/z9OvTtnjN4hYk1YoT3H2rnBOphPAB9skgq3 2lcaX/5YnJVt9BloAar12UEIRGCZdQghMABI1Tn32IQUVthYexhmqGGGMBHAgIfEhSiiiATAtOGJ GnYI4ogsEldicAYOGNJGZaml3Y0L3NTZUBz1xlB0PUoUI0jlVWRSVN89xBKSGB1YU1TMoRfVBEle hR9HQs1GEHxQ3RZZbveZthxt/LEmXHyp5XWABSCpaRJwbM13gAACPHVccgJFgF+NEhqUAEkQSCfc ddhVhh5dVTaEAEsTUNlkZUWKN9BNGDE6QU8OrSdbllzpxyVTTrU21Uj3scfhp7nNpyoDaTIEJ3P9 If8J2kbLNYegg9JRBwGhFvbq66+ZUiDssMQWK2yHxiZLrInKNotss8l+B5yBrr5p2UIJvortANoC 6+234IbLla/elRtZjeamh5CC3Sb0YLvixivvYkDFGlZqBNh7r4n6goVvv6/ZlCicN+kL71ALTnpQ dCIZp7CihkLA3UQmoWRBogyxtBPGCTnZncVR1rSTo5nuydC/Eo8kUH+lOoTyyvjoCuZu+PjYIKLD rZybtrM1d10C0QXKEVz48GrQkEeWdFJKlbb0UmEeV0SzyC6RvNB646LWIVjUNeC1zAFb+RDKXksM 9r531bwmpQW9+hQDDsx5pqwDRWBXcFES2hc+gEn/wJGdEEWdE6LoWcoxQweaTNmkhydkKaYMYY2Q p1unbLl/pPKbn3v7EZRvrKvqlja2ONvrtoIw9tn2g32/tQBlhtYkU+MNikZ7QYlPDPuMldpOmuJX nVo5VF3HjI+q89mteX5IDd/fVFClma5kiE4f2XUJhlz09gj2NbTDRifkmu7zXjR++RVJ/lPznuvr QH2iD6S+UewP9Dnon6d2NLwN8n90BB6hC68cFMCHoe+ACASP9c4DowUyEF0OPFcDI0ij/VXPaAKC UfhS95AKGoQ7IBRICI1HwhGaUIQoLGEKT6jCFrLwhSuMoQtlCMMZ2rCGOKShDm+4wxzy8Ic+DGIP B4cIRCKGMCAAOy== ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/frame.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Covalent Bonding ------=_NextPart_01C5A278.CA32F6C0 Content-Location: file:///C:/06899145/C-16CovalentBondingwebpage_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
 No= tes
Slide Show
Outline
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